In this family of puzzles, each pirate weighs not only what he gets now, but what he would get if the proposer were eliminated. The approval threshold changes everything.
The five pirates: strict majority
Riddle statement
Five pirates, ordered from oldest to youngest, must divide 100 coins.
The oldest proposes a distribution and everyone votes, including him. To be approved, the distribution must receive more than half of the votes; If not, the proposer dies and the next most senior pirate makes a new proposal.
Everyone is perfectly rational. Their priority is, in this order: survive, get as many coins as they can and, if everything else doesn't matter, throw another pirate into the sea.
What distribution should the most veteran pirate propose?